Abstract: The pressing demand in electrical vehicle markets for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries continues to fuel the need for Ni-based high-capacity cathodes. However, the commercialization of high-Ni cathodes is hindered by their intrinsic chemomechanical instabilities and fast capacity fade.

As alternatives to this traditional design of high-Ni uniform composition, the development & commercialization of heterogeneous polycrystalline cathode via cascade continuous-flow co-precipitation process and single-crystal cathode via hydrothermal process is in progress.