This invention could be used to make highly active PEM fuel cell catalyst. With increased activity, the precious metal loading could be decreased in a variety of applications.
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This invention comprises methods, for typical small nanoparticles, of removing elements distribution heterogeneity in the particle to significantly improve performance. For big nanoparticles, the performance of 3-D architecture made from the segregated nanoparticle could be further improved by increasing the elements distribution heterogeneity with proper post-treatment. Can be used in applications such as fuel cell electric cars, back up power for remote communication tower and other stationary applications.